Enhancement of Limepiride Dissolution Profile by Solid Dispersion Technique

The present study aims at overcoming these problems with solid dispersion technology by using carriers like HPMC and peg-4000 in a view to develop fast release formulation of glimepiride and hence improve its dissolution characteristic. Glimepiride is an effective anti-diabetic, which is practically insoluble in water, hence dissolution is rate limiting. Studies were under taken on the preparation and evaluation of solid dispersion of glimepiride with a view to develop fast release formulation of glimepiride. In the prepration of solid dispersion carries such as PEG 4000 and HPMC were used. In this present study solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation and fusion methods. The solid dispersions prepared were Interaction to be fine and free flowing powders. Interaction studies like IR spectra were shown and there was no interaction between drug and carriers used. All the solid dispersions prepared were found to be uniform in drug content. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that crystalline nature of glimepiride in pure form was reduced in the solid dispersions. This might be the reason for improved dissolution, it was also indicates the amorphous character of the solid dispersions, DSC thermo gram showed no interaction between drug and polymer and confirmed the amorphous nature of the solid dispersions. Pure drug Good correlation was observed between percentage carries in the dispersions. The dissolution of glimepiride from all dispersions followed first order kinetics. Among the carriers used PEG4000 gave the fastest dissolution rate and the order of dissolution of glimepiride from the various solid dispersions. Glimepiride solid dispersions in PEG4000 prepared at drug: carrier ratio of 1:2 was formulated in to capsule and evaluated for dissolution characteristics. The dissolution of glimepiride capsule solid dispersions were found to be fast and rapid when compared to the pure drug formulation. The solid dispersion containing drug: PEG4000 (1:2) considered as a fast release dosage form of glimepiride when compared to pure drug and ration of glimepiride solid dispersions

Hydrothermal assisted morphology designed MoS2 material as alternative cathode catalyst for PEM electrolyser application

In this work, we developed a simple and cost-effective hydrothermal route to regulate the formation of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) in different morphologies, like, nano-sheet, nano-capsule and nano-flake structure by controlling the reaction temperature and sulphur precursor employed. Such a fine tuning of different morphologies yields a leverage to obtain novel shapes with high surface area to employ them as suitable candidates for hydrogen evolution catalysts. Moreover, we report here the first time observation of MoS2 nano-capsule formation via environmentally benign hydrothermal route and characterized them by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption and desorption by Brunaer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. MoS2 nano-capsules exhibits superior activity towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with a low over-potential of 120 mV (RHE), accompanied by large exchange current density and excellent stability in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. MoS2 nano-capsule catalyst was coated on solid proton conducting membrane (Nafion) and IrO2 as anode catalyst. The performance of the catalyst was evaluated in MEA mode for 200 h at 2 V without any degradation of electrocatalytic activity

Facile one-step synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity of WC/ferroelectric nanocomposite

The development of noble-metal-free co-catalysts is seen as a viable strategy for improving the performance of semiconductor photocatalysts. Although the photocatalytic efficiency of ferroelectrics is typically low, it can be enhanced through incorporation of co-catalyst into nanocomposites. Here, we demonstrate the influence of ferroelectricity on the decolorization of Rhodamine B under simulated solar light using RbBi2Ti2NbO10 and compared the performance with nonferroelectric RbBi2Nb5O16. The decolorization rate for RbBi2Ti2NbO10 was 5 times greater than RbBi2Nb5O16. This behaviour can be explained in terms of ferroelectric polarization, which drives separation of the charge carriers. The photocatalytic activity of the RbBi2Ti2NbO10 was further enhanced to over 30 times upon preparing nanocomposite with tungsten carbide (WC) through high energy ball milling. This enhancement was not only attributed to the increased specific surface area, but also to the incorporated WC co-catalyst which also serves as source of plasmonic hot electrons and extends the photocatalytic activity into the visible light range. The WC/RbBi2Ti2NbO10 nanocomposite shows interesting water oxidation property and evolves O2 with a rate of 68.5 μmol h-1 g-1 and the quantum yield of 3% at 420 nm. This work demonstrates a simple route for preparing WC containing nano ferroelectric composites for solar energy conversion applications

Facile one-step synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity of a WC/ferroelectric nanocomposite

The development of noble-metal-free co-catalysts is seen as a viable strategy for improving the performance of semiconductor photocatalysts. Although the photocatalytic efficiency of ferroelectrics is typically low, it can be enhanced through the incorporation of a co-catalyst into nanocomposites. Here, we demonstrate the influence of ferroelectricity on the decolorization of rhodamine B under simulated solar light using RbBi2Ti2NbO10 and compared the performance with that of non-ferroelectric RbBi2Nb5O16. The decolorization rate for RbBi2Ti2NbO10 was 5 times greater than that of RbBi2Nb5O16. This behaviour can be explained in terms of ferroelectric polarization, which drives the separation of charge carriers. The photocatalytic activity of RbBi2Ti2NbO10 was further enhanced to over 30 times upon preparing a nanocomposite with tungsten carbide (WC) through high energy ball milling. This enhancement was attributed not only to the increased specific surface area, but also to the incorporated WC co-catalyst, which also serves as a source of plasmonic hot electrons and extends the photocatalytic activity into the visible light range. The WC/RbBi2Ti2NbO10 nanocomposite shows interesting water oxidation properties and evolves O2 with a rate of 68.5 μmol h−1 g−1 and a quantum yield of 3% at 420 nm. This work demonstrates a simple route for preparing WC containing nano-ferroelectric composites for solar energy conversion applications

Effective Synthesis of Well-Graphitized Carbon Nanotubes on Bimetallic SBA-15 Template for Use as Counter Electrode in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

The fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using well-graphitized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a counter electrode has been described in this study. The well-graphitized CNTs were synthesized at different temperatures (700, 800, and 900 °C) using bimetallic Fe-V catalyst supported on Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15). The molecular ratios between the two metals were varied in the catalytic template, and their effect on the distribution of the synthesized CNTs was studied. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that the CNTs had higher electrochemical activity for the I3 −/I− redox reaction and a smaller charge transfer resistance than the platinum (Pt) electrode. Energy conversion efficiency of the CNTs was compared with Pt counter electrode. These results indicated that the CNTs have high surface conductivity, high active surface area, and good catalytic activity and can potentially replace Pt as counter electrode for application in DSSC

Analysis of ethernet-switch traffic shapers for in-vehicle networking applications

Switched Ethernet has been proposed as network technology for automotive and industrial applications. IEEE AVB is a collection of standards that specifies (among other elements) a set of network traffic shaping mechanisms (i.e., rules to regulate the traffic flow) to have guaranteed Quality of Service for Audio/Video traffic. However, in-vehicle control applications like advanced driver-assistance systems require much lower latencies than provided by this standard. Within the context of IEEE TSN (Time Sensitive Networking), three new traffic shaping mechanisms are considered, named Burst Limiting, Time Aware and Peristaltic shaper respectively. In this paper we explain and compare these shapers, we examine their worst case end-to-end latencies analytically and we investigate their behavior through a simulation of a particular setup. We show that the shapers hardly satisfy the requirements for 100Mbps Ethernet, but can come close under further restrictions. We also show the impact the shapers have on AVB traffic

Caesium �Methyl Ammonium Mixed-Cation Lead Iodide Perovskite Crystals: Analysis and Application for Perovskite Solar Cells

The present work addresses two important aspects; (i) crystalline formation of perovskites by fast powder production method (FPP) in large scale and its corresponding analysis and (ii) fabrication of mixed cation perovskite solar cells (PSC) by conventional one step method using inorganic copper (I) thiocyanate (CuSCN) as hole transport material (HTM). In this work, we investigate a stable and stoichiometrically variable Cs content in powdered MAPbI3 perovskites. For the first time, distinct morphologies like porous sheets, nanorods and nanowires, tightly bonded grains and fibre structures are collectively observed for the various concentrations of the Cs mixed with MAPbI3 by the FPP method, which finds applications in optoelectronic, energy and memory devices. In place of using expensive organic HTM, in this study, CuSCN is utilized as HTMs due to their cost and humidity resistance for the application to solar cells. The highest efficiency so far attained using CuSCN HTM in CsxMA1-xPbI3 composite PSC is being discusse

Fabrication of catalytically active nanocrystalline samarium (Sm)-doped cerium oxide (CeO2) thin films using electron beam evaporation

Samarium(Sm)-doped ceriumoxide (CeO2) thin films were fabricated using electron beam evaporation technique. The synthesized films were deposited either on glass or ITO substrates and studied their nature by annealing at different temperatures. The optical properties and other morphological studies were done by UV–Vis,XRD,XPS, SEM, EDS, and FT-IR analysis. XRD and XPS analysis clearly confirm the presence of Sm in the ceria site. From the SEM study, it was found that after annealing at high temperature (*300 or 500 �C), the particles sizewas reduced due to breakdown of large aggregates of particles which is also confirmed from UV–Vis, XPS, andXRDanalyses. The FT-IR study proves the presence of –COO–, –OH, or ammonium group on the particles surface. The deposition of Smdoped CeO2 nanomaterials was found more feasible on ITO substrate compared to that of glass substrate in terms of stability and depth of film thickness. The Sm-doped CeO2 nanomaterial acts as a re-usable catalyst for the reduction of organic dye molecules in the presence of NaBH4. The catalysis rate was compared by considering the electron transfer process during the reduction. The synthesized Sm-doped CeO2 thin films might find wide variety of applications in various emerging fields like solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), oxygen sensor or as catalyst in different types of organic and inorganic catalytic reactions. The fabrication process is very simple, straightforward, less time consuming, and cost effectiv

Analysis of ethernet-switch traffic shapers for in-vehicle networking applications

Switched Ethernet has been proposed as network technology for automotive and industrial applications. IEEE AVB is a collection of standards that specifies (among other elements) a set of network traffic shaping mechanisms (i.e., rules to regulate the traffic flow) to have guaranteed Quality of Service for Audio/Video traffic. However, in-vehicle control applications like advanced driver-assistance systems require much lower latencies than provided by this standard. Within the context of IEEE TSN (Time Sensitive Networking), three new traffic shaping mechanisms are considered, named Burst Limiting, Time Aware and Peristaltic shaper respectively. In this paper we explain and compare these shapers, we examine their worst case end-to-end latencies analytically and we investigate their behavior through a simulation of a particular setup. We show that the shapers hardly satisfy the requirements for 100Mbps Ethernet, but can come close under further restrictions. We also show the impact the shapers have on AVB traffic